An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its primary
components,Typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon
and other rare inertPicture:The ASU Plant produce Liquid Gas as the
following Seven Steps:1 Before compression the air is pre-filtered
of dust.2 Air is compressed where the final delivery pressure is
determined by recoveries and theFluid state (gas or liquid) of the
products. Typical pressures range between 5 and 10 bar gauge.The
air stream may also be compressed to different pressures to enhance
the efficiency of theASU. During compression water is condensed out
in inter-stage coolers.3 The process air is generally passed
through a molecular sieve bed, which removes anyRemaining water
vapour, as well as carbon dioxide, which would freeze and plug the
cryogenicEquipment. Molecular sieves are often designed to remove
any gaseous hydrocarbons fromThe air, since these can be a problem
in the subsequent air distillation that could lead toExplosions.
The molecular sieves bed must be regenerated. This is done by
installing multipleUnits operating in alternating mode and using
the dry coproduced waste gas to desorb the water.4 Process air is
passed through an integrated heat exchanger (usually a plate fin
heat exchanger)And cooled against product (and waste) cryogenic
streams. Part of the air liquefies to form aLiquid that is enriched
in oxygen. The remaining gas is richer in nitrogen and is distilled
toAlmost pure nitrogen (typically < 1ppm) in a high pressure
(HP) distillation column. TheCondenser of this column requires
refrigeration which is obtained from expanding the moreOxygen rich
stream further across a valve or through an Expander, (a reverse
compressor).5 Alternatively the condenser may be cooled by
interchanging heat with a re boiler in a lowPressure (LP)
distillation column (operating at 1.21.3 bar abs. ) when the ASU is
producingPure oxygen. To minimize the compression cost the combined
condenser/reboiler of theHP/LP columns must operate with a
temperature difference of only 1-2 degrees Kelvin, requiring plate
fin brazed aluminum heat exchangers. Typical oxygenPurities range
in from 97.5% to 99.5% and influences the maximum recovery of
oxygen.The refrigeration required for producing liquid products is
obtained using the JT effect in anExpander which feeds compressed
air directly to the low pressure column. Hence, a certainPart of
the air is not to be separated and must leave the low pressure
column as a waste streamFrom its upper section.6 Because the
boiling point of argon (87.3 K at standard conditions) lies between
thatOf oxygen (90.2 K) and nitrogen (77.4 K), argon builds up in
the lower section of the lowPressure column. When argon is
produced, a vapor side draw is taken from the low pressureColumn
where the argon concentration is highest. It is sent to another
column rectifying theArgon to the desired purity from which liquid
is returned to the same location in the LP column.Use of modern
structured packings which have very low pressure drops enable argon
puritiesOf less than 1 ppm. Though argon is present in less to 1%
of the incoming, the air argon columnRequires a significant amount
of energy due to the high reflux ratio required (about 30) in
theArgon column. Cooling of the argon column can be supplied from
cold expanded rich liquid orBy liquid nitrogen.7 Finally the
products produced in gas form are warmed against the incoming air
to ambientTemperatures. This requires a carefully crafted heat
integration that must allow for robustnessAgainst disturbances (due
to switch over of the molecular sieve beds). It may also
requireAdditional external refrigeration during start-up./* March
10, 2023 17:59:20 */!function(){function s(e,r){var
a,o={};try{e&&e.split(",").forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
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